Computer hardware can only do one thing at a time. Scheduling and management are central to the kernel's operation.

handling device and application system calls using various mechanisms such as hardware interrupts or device drivers.

managing and accessing input/output devices such as keyboards, mice, disk drives, USB ports, network adapters and displays and.

managing and optimizing hardware resources and dependencies, such as central processing unit ( CPU) and cache use, file system operation and network transport mechanisms.

handling conflicts and errors in memory allocation and management.

deciding which nonprotected user memory space each application process uses.

scheduling which applications can access and use the kernel, and supervising that use when the scheduled time occurs.

organizing and managing threads and the various processes spawned by running applications.loading and managing less-critical OS components, such as device drivers.In more granular terms, accomplishing these three kernel functions involves a range of computer tasks, including the following: It manages the underlying system hardware devices.

It provides the interfaces needed for users and applications to interact with the computer.In broad terms, an OS kernel performs three primary jobs. A kernel serves as the bridge between the operating system and hardware. This will require service to correct hardware damage or restore the operating system kernel to a working version. If the kernel is damaged or cannot load successfully, the computer will be unable to start completely - if at all. It then loads other OS components to complete the system startup and make control available to users through a desktop or other user interface. Once the kernel is loaded into computer memory, the BIOS transfers control to the kernel. It then runs a bootloader which loads the kernel from a storage device - such as a hard drive - into a protected memory space.

It is the main layer between the OS and underlying computer hardware, and it helps with tasks such as process and memory management, file systems, device control and networking.ĭuring normal system startup, a computer's basic input/output system, or BIOS, completes a hardware bootstrap or initialization. It is the core that provides basic services for all other parts of the OS. The kernel is the essential foundation of a computer's operating system ( OS).

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